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Announcing .... 10/29/92 THE INTERNET SOCIETY A new international membership organization to promote the use of the Internet for research and scholarly communication and collaboration. A forum for government, industry, and individuals to debate and formulate network policies and procedures. A focus for development and evolution on Internet technology. A means to advance the sharing of open scholarship in all countries. THE INTERNET SOCIETY .... - began operations in January 1992 - is governed by an elected Board of Trustees - seeks to encourage international scientific collaboration through networking Joining now will .... - entitle you to a member newsletter and a semi-annual journal recording important developments in the technical and operational evolution of the Internet - help shape the international agenda for the Society - support Internet Society objectives REGISTRATION INFORMATION ______ Please enroll me as a regular member of the Internet Society and bill me for $70 in annual dues. ______ Please enroll me as a student member of the Internet Society and bill me for $25 in annual dues. I am enclosing proof of student enrollment (copy of valid identification card or copy of current tuition bill) which shows my eligibility for student membership. I understand that student membership is only available to fulltime students in a degree granting program. Name:________________________________________________________________ Postal Address: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Phone Number: _______________________________ Fax Number: _______________________________ Internet Address: _______________________________ Mail, fax, or e-mail this form to: Individual Membership Registration Internet Society Phone: +1 703 648 9888 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Fax: +1 703 620 0913 Reston, VA 22091 E-mail: isoc@isoc.org USA 2/20/92 THE INTERNET SOCIETY Abstract The purpose of this document is to provide a brief description of the Internet Society and its goals and objectives. It functions as a professional society to facilitate, support and promote the evolution and growth of the Internet as a global research communications infrastructure. The suggestions and recommendations of all parties interested in the Internet are solicited to assist in making the Internet Society robust, productive and structured to meet the needs of its members. The Internet Society The Internet is a collection of cooperating, interconnected, multiprotocol networks which supports international collaboration among thousands of organizations. Because of its current scope and rapid rate of growth, the Internet will benefit from a more organized framework to support its objectives. To this end, an Internet Society is being formed to foster the voluntary interconnection of computer networks into a global research and development communications and information infrastructure. The Internet Society will not operate the Internet. Internet operation will continue to be a collaborative activity which the Society will seek to facilitate. The Society will provide assistance and support to groups and organizations involved in the use, operation and evolution of the Internet. It will provide support for forums in which technical and operational questions can be discussed and provide mechanisms through which interested parties can be informed and educated about the Internet, its function, use, operation and the interests of its constituents. Membership The Internet Society is a membership organization with voting individual members and non-voting institutional members. There are several classes of institutional members. The society publishes a newsletter on a regular basis and holds an annual meeting to which all members and other interested parties are invited. The topics of the annual meeting will vary, but are expected to focus on current research in networking, Internet functionality and growth, and other interests of the Society constituency. Membership dues vary according to class of membership. The amounts of these dues and the basis on which they are set are determined by the Board of Trustees of the Society and may be revised from time to time as provided in the By-Laws. Charter The Society is a non-profit organization and will be operated for academic, educational, charitable and scientific purposes among which are: A. To facilitate and support the technical evolution of the Internet as a research and education infrastructure and to stimulate involvement of the academic, scientific and engineering communities, among others in the evolution of the Internet. B. To educate the academic and scientific communities and the public concerning the technology, use and application of the Internet. C. To promote scientific and educational applications of Internet technology for the benefit of educational institutions at all grade levels, industry and the public at large. D. To provide a forum for exploration of new Internet applications and to foster collaboration among organizations in their operation and use of the Internet. Activities of the Society 1. Support for Internet Technical Evolution The Internet Activities Board (IAB) has been concerned with the development and evolution of architectures supporting the use of multiple protocols in a networked environment. The Internet Society expects to incorporate the IAB and its functions into the operation of the Internet Society. The Internet Society will work with other interested organizations to support and assist efforts to evolve the multiprotocol Internet. The Internet Society looks to the Internet Engineering and Research Task Forces to stimulate networking research and facilitate the evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the integration of new protocol suites (e.g. OSI) into the Internet architecture. The Internet Society will work actively with parties and organizations interested in fostering improvement in the utility of the Internet for its constituent users. 2. Meetings and Conferences Internet Society will convene an annual meeting and will organize and facilitate workshops and symposia, jointly with other organizations where appropriate, on specific topics of interest to the Society membership. The annual meeting will address issues of global and regional importance to the evolution and growth of the Internet. In particular, future INET conferences will be incorporated into the Society's annual meetings. 3. Information and Infrastructure Services The Internet Society publishes the quarterly Internet News providing members with information about the international activities of Internet constituents. In addition, the Society will also provide assistance to and support for organizations responsible for maintaining the databases crucial to Internet function (e.g. the Domain Name System, X.500 Directory Services, etc.) and organizations concerned with the security of the Internet (e.g. the Software Engineering Institute Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)). The Society will assist in the development of educational, advisory and informative materials of use to Society members. Where appropriate, the Society will organize or support activities which aid in the coordination among the organizations operating components of the Internet. The Society will refer members to appropriate parties involved in operating the various parts of the Internet where they may be helpful with specific questions. Where possible, the Society seeks to provide access to its information on-line, but will also offer hard copy and, perhaps eventually, CD-ROM-based information resources. Plans The initial organizers of the Internet Society include the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), EDUCOM and the Internet Activities Board. Computer networking has become a critical infrastructure for the research and development community and has the potential to become the basis for world-wide collaboration and cooperation in every field of human endeavor. The Internet Society seeks to solidify, enhance and encourage further international collaborative networking. Individuals joining the Society during its formation have received special recognition as Society pioneers and have been instrumental in shaping the early agenda of Society activities. Institutional members are represented in the Advisory Council of the Internet Society where their advice and counsel is sought to refine Internet Society objectives and activities. APPENDIX A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks Introduction In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet." The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). In 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet. With its 45 megabit per second facilities, the NSFNET carries on the order of 12 billion packets per month between the networks it links. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Energy contributed additional backbone facilities in the form of the NSINET and ESNET respectively. In Europe, major international backbones such as NORDUNET and others provide connectivity to over one hundred thousand computers on a large number of networks. Commercial network providers in the U.S. and Europe are beginning to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to any interested parties. "Regional" support for the Internet is provided by various consortium networks and "local" support is provided through each of the research and educational institutions. Within the United States, much of this support has come from the federal and state governments, but a considerable contribution has been made by industry. In Europe and elsewhere, support arises from cooperative international efforts and through national research organizations. During the course of its evolution, particularly after 1989, the Internet system began to integrate support for other protocol suites into its basic networking fabric. The present emphasis in the system is on multiprotocol interworking, and in particular, with the integration of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols into the architecture. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly 100 protocols of TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980's. During the early 1990's, OSI protocol implementations also became available and, by the end of 1991, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people. A great deal of support for the Internet community has come from the U.S. Federal Government, since the Internet was originally part of a federally-funded research program and, subsequently, has become a major part of the U.S. research infrastructure. During the late 1980's, however, the population of Internet users and network constituents expanded internationally and began to include commercial facilities. Indeed, the bulk of the system today is made up of private networking facilities in educational and research institutions, businesses and in government organizations across the globe. The Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Networks (CCIRN), which was organized by the U.S. Federal Networking Council (FNC) and the European Reseaux Associees pour la Recherche Europeenne (RARE), plays an important role in the coordination of plans for government- sponsored research networking. CCIRN efforts have been a stimulus for the support of international cooperation in the Internet environment. Internet Technical Evolution Over its fifteen year history, the Internet has functioned as a collaboration among cooperating parties. Certain key functions have been critical for its operation, not the least of which is the specification of the protocols by which the components of the system operate. These were originally developed in the DARPA research program mentioned above, but in the last five or six years, this work has been undertaken on a wider basis with support from Government agencies in many countries, industry and the academic community. The Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983 to guide the evolution of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite and to provide research advice to the Internet community. During the course of its existence, the IAB has reorganized several times. It now has two primary components: the Internet Engineering Task Force and the Internet Research Task Force. The former has primary responsibility for further evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite, its standardization with the concurrence of the IAB, and the integration of other protocols into Internet operation (e.g. the Open Systems Interconnection protocols). The Internet Research Task Force continues to organize and explore advanced concepts in networking under the guidance of the Internet Activities Board and with support from various government agencies. A secretariat has been created to manage the day-to-day function of the Internet Activities Board and Internet Engineering Task Force. IETF meets three times a year in plenary and its approximately 50 working groups convene at intermediate times by electronic mail, teleconferencing and at face-to-face meetings. The IAB meets quarterly face-to-face or by videoconference and at intervening times by telephone, electronic mail and computer-mediated conferences. Two other functions are critical to IAB operation: publication of documents describing the Internet and the assignment and recording of various identifiers needed for protocol operation. Throughout the development of the Internet, its protocols and other aspects of its operation have been documented first in a series of documents called Internet Experiment Notes and, later, in a series of documents called Requests for Comment (RFCs). The latter were used initially to document the protocols of the first packet switching network developed by DARPA, the ARPANET, beginning in 1969, and have become the principal archive of information about the Internet. At present, the publication function is provided by an RFC editor. The recording of identifiers is provided by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) who has delegated one part of this responsibility to an Internet Registry which acts as a central repository for Internet information and which provides central allocation of network and autonomous system identifiers, in some cases to subsidiary registries located in various countries. The Internet Registry (IR) also provides central maintenance of the Domain Name System (DNS) root database which points to subsidiary distributed DNS servers replicated throughout the Internet. The DNS distributed database is used, inter alia, to associate host and network names with their Internet addresses and is critical to the operation of the higher level TCP/IP protocols including electronic mail. There are a number of Network Information Centers (NICs) located throughout the Internet to serve its users with documentation, guidance, advice and assistance. As the Internet continues to grow internationally, the need for high quality NIC functions increases. Although the initial community of users of the Internet were drawn from the ranks of computer science and engineering, its users now comprise a wide range of disciplines in the sciences, arts, letters, business, military and government administration. Related Networks In 1980-81, two other networking projects, BITNET and CSNET, were initiated. BITNET adopted the IBM RSCS protocol suite and featured direct leased line connections between participating sites. Most of the original BITNET connections linked IBM mainframes in university data centers. This rapidly changed as protocol implementations became available for other machines. From the beginning, BITNET has been multi-disciplinary in nature with users in all academic areas. It has also provided a number of unique services to its users (e.g., LISTSERV). Today, BITNET and its parallel networks in other parts of the world (e.g., EARN in Europe) have several thousand participating sites. In recent years, BITNET has established a backbone which uses the TCP/IP protocols with RSCS-based applications running above TCP. CSNET was initially funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to provide networking for university, industry and government computer science research groups. CSNET used the Phonenet MMDF protocol for telephone-based electronic mail relaying and, in addition, pioneered the first use of TCP/IP over X.25 using commercial public data networks. The CSNET name server provided an early example of a white pages directory service and this software is still in use at numerous sites. At its peak, CSNET had approximately 200 participating sites and international connections to approximately fifteen countries. In 1987, BITNET and CSNET merged to form the Corporation for Research and Educational Networking (CREN). In the Fall of 1991, CSNET service was discontinued having fulfilled its important early role in the provision of academic networking service. A key feature of CREN is that its operational costs are fully met through dues paid by its member organizations. 3/23/93 Internet Society Advisory Council The Organizational Members of the Internet Society provide a representative and an alternate to an Advisory Council. The Society is grateful to these individuals and their organizations for the commitments they have made to its success. The names of the Advisory Council members are listed below: Rick Adams UUNET Ed Albrigo (alt.) CORPORATION FOR OPEN SYSTEMS Guy Almes ANS Stephen An WELLFLEET COMMUNICATIONS INC. Michael Arnold FREEPORT-MCMORAN Cliff Bamford MICROSOFT William Biagi CORPORATION FOR OPEN SYSTEM Daniele Bovio (alt.) EARN David Brandin INTEROP George Buchanan HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY Lee Caldwell NOVELL Michael Carter APPLE Steve Cisler (alt.) APPLE Avi Cohen IUCC Sam Coleman (alt.) LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB James Conklin (alt.) CREN Michael Conn MCI COMMUNICATIONS Hans Deckers EARN Mathew Dovens (alt.) MCI COMMUNICATIONS Robin Erskine AARNET David Farber ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION Francois Fluckiger CERN Ira Fuchs CREN Howard Funk IBM Dain Gary (alt.) SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE Cary Giese (alt.) U S WEST William Grant U S WEST Terence Gray UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Erik Grimmelmann AT&T Phill Gross ANS Roger Gulbranson (alt.) UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME Anita Holmgren TENON INTERSYSTEMS Steve Holmgren (alt.) TENON INTERSYSTEMS E.W. Bud Huber (alt.) HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY Sascha Ignjatovic VEDA DATA SYSTEMS, INC. Ole Jacobsen (alt.) INTEROP Ron Johnson (alt.) UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Walter Johnston NYNEX SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, INC. Mitch Kapor (alt.) ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION Anthony Lauck DIGITAL Donald Lindberg NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE James Luckett (alt.) NYSERNet Richard Mandelbaum NYSERNet Bruce Martin (alt.) IBM Olivier Martin (alt.) CERN Daniel Masys NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Stuart Mathison SPRINT INTERNATIONAL Jeff Mayersohn BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN David McDonald (alt.) FREEPORT-MCMORAN John Mullarvey (alt.) AARNET Catherine Muther CISCO SYSTEMS Dan Nessett LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB Camillo J. Pasquariello DEFENSE INFORM. SYSTEMS AGENCY Andrew Partan (alt.) UUNET Janet Perry (alt.) NOVELL Paul Evan Peters CNI Rich Pethia SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE John Pickens 3COM Werner Sammer SIEMENS AG Thomas Schwarcz (alt.) SIEMENS AG Paul Severino (alt.) WELLFLEET COMMUNICATIONS INC. David Sincoskie BELLCORE Donald Spicer UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME Leonard Swatski (alt.) DEFENSE INFORM. SYSTEMS AGENCY Dave Thompson (alt.) MICROSOFT Michael Thurk (alt.) DIGITAL Paul Toldalagi PROTEON Paul Tsuchiya (alt.) BELLCORE Peter Villemoes NORDUNET Richard West (alt.) CNI Michael D. Zisman SOFT-SWITCH, INC. INTERNET SOCIETY * * * * * B Y - L A W S * * * * * ARTICLE I OFFICES Section 1. The principal office of The Internet Society shall be in the Area of Metropolitan Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Section 2. The Society may also have offices at such other places as the Board of Trustees may from time to time determine or the affairs of the Society may require. ARTICLE II INITIAL PERIOD OF OPERATIONS Section 1. These By-Laws shall be interpreted, and the activities of the Society pursuant to its Articles of Incorporation and these By-Laws shall be conducted, as far as practicable, to preserve the continuity of the operations of the Society from the time it was previously established and operating in a form of organization not involving incorporation as a separate entity. Section 2. The Society's "Initial Period of Operations," which is referred to elsewhere in these By-Laws, shall be for a period of three years from June 15, 1992. ARTICLE III BOARD OF TRUSTEES Section 1. The Board of Trustees of the Society shall consist of not more than twenty Trustees (excluding any non-voting Trustees) unless and until such number is changed by action of the Board of Trustees. The persons designated in the Articles of Incorporation as the initial Trustees shall hold office for a portion of, or all of, the Society's Initial Period of Operations until such time as their respective successors are appointed or elected and qualify. Each Trustee appointed or elected thereafter shall hold office for a term of three years, except when some shorter term is specified by the Board of Trustees with respect to the appointment or election of a particular Trustee. Only Regular Individual Members of the Society shall be eligible to serve on the Board of Trustees. Section 2. The Board of Trustees is authorized, from time to time, to appoint, or to make arrangements for the election of, Trustees, by the Regular Individual Members of the Society (as defined in Article VI, Section 3, Clause (1), of these By-Laws), such that the total number of Trustees shall be not in excess of twenty (excluding any non-voting Trustees). Each of the Charter Members of the Society (as specified in Article VI, Section 2, of these By-Laws) shall at all times have a right to designate one Trustee who shall thereupon be appointed by the Board; with this exception, any vacancy which arises because a Trustee has ceased to serve may be filled for the remainder of the unexpired term. All Trustees appointed by the Board shall be by the affirmative vote of at least four- fifths of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office. The Board shall seek to have among the Trustees representative individuals from industry, from educational and nonprofit organizations and from government. The Board may also make such arrangements as it deems appropriate for the terms of the Trustees to be staggered, including the terms of the Initial Trustees. A Trustee may serve additional terms provided that the number of successive terms shall not exceed two, except that service as a Trustee during the Initial Period of Operations shall not be counted in this computation. Section 3. All actions taken by the Board pursuant to Sections 1 and 2 of this Article III shall require the affirmative vote of at least four-fifths of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office. Section 4. The Trustees shall not receive any compensation (apart from reimbursement of expenses) for their services as Trustees, but this shall not preclude reasonable compensation for services rendered to the Society by a Trustee in some other capacity. Section 5. The affairs of the Society shall be directed by its Board of Trustees. The President of the Society shall submit to the Board, at least one month prior to the beginning of each fiscal year, a budget for the Society's coming fiscal year, for the Board's consideration and approval. Section 6. Meetings of the Board of Trustees shall be held at least annually and at any place designated by the Board. Section 7. Special meetings of the Board of Trustees may be called at any time by the Board, or by the Executive Committee if one be constituted, or by vote at a meeting of the Board, or by the President of the Society, or by the Executive Director of the Society, or by a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office. Special meetings may be held at such place or places as may be designated from time to time by the Board; in the absence of such designation, such meetings shall be held at such place or places as may be designated in the call. Section 8. Notice of the place and time of each meeting of the Board shall be served on each Trustee, by Internet mail or by oral, telegraphic or other written notice, duly served on or sent or mailed to him or her at least thirty days before the date of the meeting, except that if a meeting is held pursuant to Section 9 of this Article then seven calendar days notice shall suffice. Section 9. Any or all of the Trustees may participate in a meeting of the Board of Trustees, or of a committee of the Board, by means of conference telephone or by any means of electronic communication by which all persons participating in the meeting are able to communicate contemporaneously with one another, and such participation shall constitute presence in person at the meeting. Section 10. At all meetings of the Board, a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office (including any ex officio Trustees) shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and the act of the majority of the Trustees present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board. However, with respect to any action for which, under the Society's Articles of Incorporation or By-Laws, a greater affirmative vote is expressly required, such express provisions shall control; and it is to be noted that such requirements are contained in Article 6 of the Articles of Incorporation relating to amendment of the Articles of Incorporation, and in these By-Laws in Article III, Sections 1, 2, 3 and 13, relating to certain actions by the Board of Trustees, and in Article V, Sections 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7, involving certain provisions relating to officers and to the Executive Director, and in Article VI, Section 2 (1)(c) relating to Charter Members, and in Article VIII, Section 1, relating to amendment of the By-Laws. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board, the Trustees present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present. Section 11. Any action required to be taken at a meeting of the Board of Trustees, or any action which may be taken at a meeting of the Board of Trustees, may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be obtained from all of the Trustees; and such consent shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote, and may be stated as such. Section 12. Actions of the Board of Trustees, whether taken at a meeting or otherwise, shall be duly recorded in minutes and retained in the Society's records. Section 13. The Board of Trustees, by resolution adopted by the affirmative vote of at least four-fifths of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office, may designate three or more Trustees to constitute an Executive Committee. The Executive Committee, to the extent provided in such resolution, shall have and may exercise all of the authority of the Board of Trustees in the management of the affairs of the Society (except for those matters which, under the Society's Articles of Incorporation or By- Laws, expressly require the affirmative vote of at least a majority, or more than a majority, of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office). The Executive Committee shall keep regular minutes of its proceedings and shall report the same to the full Board when required. The affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office may terminate the Executive Committee. Section 14. The Board of Trustees may establish such other Committees (other than an Executive Committee) as it deems appropriate to facilitate the activities of the Society, provided that no such Committee shall take actions reserved to the Board of Trustees or to the Executive Committee. ARTICLE IV NOTICES Section 1. Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given, a waiver thereof in writing by the person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice. Section 2. Attendance of a Trustee at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting except where a Trustee attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Except as otherwise expressly required in the Society's Articles of Incorporation or By-Laws, neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the Board of Trustees need be specified in the notice or waiver of notice of such meeting. ARTICLE V OFFICERS Section 1. The initial officers of the Society are the President, Treasurer and Secretary. Each initial officer shall hold office during the Society's Initial Period of Operations, unless at least a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office determines that the term shall be otherwise. Any vacancy in an officer position shall be filled by an individual elected by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office. Officers shall be selected from among the Regular Individual Members of the Society. Section 2. The officers of the Society shall, at a minimum, consist of a President, a Treasurer and a Secretary. Except as specified in Section 1 of this Article, each officer shall be elected for a one-year renewable term by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office. After the Society's Initial Period of Operations, the President shall be selected from among the members of the Board of Trustees who have been elected by the Regular Individual Members of the Society. A person shall not hold more than one office at the same time. Section 3. The Board of Trustees, by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office, may appoint such additional officers as it shall deem necessary. Section 4. The President of the Society, with the approval of the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office, shall have authority to appoint an Executive Director of the Society, who shall be responsible for the day-to-day conduct of the Society's activities. Section 5. The Executive Director of the Society, if one is appointed, shall serve ex officio as a non-voting member of the Board of Trustees. Section 6. The officers of the Society shall not receive any compensation (apart from reimbursement of expenses) for their services as officers, but this shall not preclude reasonable compensation for services rendered to the Society by an officer in some other capacity. Section 7. The officers of the Society shall hold office until their respective successors are chosen and qualify. Any officer of the Society may be removed by the Board of Trustees, by the affirmative vote of at least four-fifths of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office, whenever in their judgment the best interests of the Society will be served thereby. Section 8. The officers of the Society shall each have such powers and duties as generally pertain to their respective offices, as well as such powers and duties as from time to time may be conferred by the Board of Trustees or by the President of the Society. Section 9. Unless otherwise directed by the Board of Trustees, the President of the Society, or in the event of the President's inability to act, such other officer as may be designated by the Board or by the President to act in the absence of the President, shall have full power and authority on behalf of the Society to attend and to act and to vote at any meetings at which the Society may have a right to vote. The Board or the President from time to time may confer like powers upon any other person or persons. ARTICLE VI MEMBERS Section 1. The Society shall have two classes of members: Organizational Members and Individual Members. Section 2. The Society shall have the following categories of Organizational Members: (1) Charter Members: The following organizations: (a) Corporation for National Research Initiatives (b) Educom (c) RARE (d) Such additional non-profit organizations, not more than three in number, as may be approved as Charter Members by unanimous vote of the then-existing Charter Members and by the affirmative vote of at least four-fifths of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office. (2) Regular Organizational Members: (a) Each organization which contributes to the Society a total of at least $10,000 during the Society's particular fiscal year; or, for years subsequent to the first year, such other amount as the Board of Trustees may specify for this class of member. (b) Each organization which is organized in the United States of America as a non-profit organization or is similarly organized in other countries, or is an agency of a national, regional or local government, may be a Regular Organizational Member of the Society at a 50% discount in annual contribution. (3) Start-up Members: A newly-formed organization may, during the first three years of its operation, be a member of the Society upon contributing a total of at least $1,000 during the Society's particular fiscal year. Founding Member status is not available to an organization which is a Start-up Member. The 50% discount does not apply to the Start-up Member rate. Section 3. The Society shall have the following categories of Individual Members: (1) Regular Individual Members: Each individual who contributes to the Society the sum of $70 during the Society's particular fiscal year; or, for years subsequent to the first year, such other amount as the Board of Trustees may specify for this class of member. (2) Student Members: Each bona fide full-time student who contributes to the Society the sum of $25 during the Society's particular fiscal year; or, for years subsequent to the first year, such other amount as the Board of Trustees may specify for this class of member. Student Members shall be non-voting members of the Society. Section 4. The Society shall have the following special member designations: (1) Founding Members: (a) Each for-profit organization which contributes to the Society a total of at least $20,000 during the period ending December 31, 1993, as long as such organization thereafter continues to be a Regular Organizational Member of the Society. (b) Each organization which is organized in the United States of America as a non-profit organization or is similarly organized in other countries, or is an agency of a national, regional or local government, and contributes a total of at least $10,000 during the period ending December 31, 1993, as long as such organization thereafter continues to be a Regular Organizational Member of the Society. (2) Pioneer Members: Each Regular Individual Member and each Student Member who joined during the period June 1 - December 31, 1991, shall be designated a Pioneer Member and shall retain that designation so long as Individual Member status is maintained. Section 5. The Board of Trustees from time to time may establish additional classes and categories of members. Section 6. The Society shall have such meetings of its members as the Board of Trustees shall from time to time fix. ARTICLE VII MISCELLANEOUS Section 1. The Secretariat function of the Society shall be furnished by Corporation for National Research Initiatives during the Society's Initial Period of Operations; and thereafter the Secretariat function shall be carried on as the Board of Trustees may determine. Section 2. Funds received payable to Internet Society shall be maintained by Corporation for National Research Initiatives in a segregated account or accounts, and utilized solely for Internet Society purposes. Section 3. Funds contributed or advanced by the Charter Members to establish and further the activities of the Society shall be duly recorded and shall be subject to reimbursement by the Society if and when the financial situation of the Society permits. In the event of the dissolution of the Society, any residual Society funds shall be used to reimburse pro rata the Charter Members for any such contributions and advances made but not previously reimbursed. Section 4. The President is authorized to establish an Advisory Council consisting of a representative of each Founding Member and each Regular Organizational Member of the Society. Section 5. The Society's fiscal year shall be the calendar year. The Society's official monetary unit shall be the United States dollar. Section 6. English shall be the official language of the Society. Section 7. The Society may maintain liaison with other professional societies and similar organizations, wherever located, on activities which further the objectives of the Society, on such terms as the Board of Trustees may approve. ARTICLE VIII AMENDMENTS Section 1. These By-Laws may be altered, amended, or repealed by the affirmative vote of at least four-fifths of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office, at any meeting of the Board if notice of such proposed action be contained in the notice of such meeting; provided, however, that no amendment may be made which adversely affects the rights of a Charter Member without the unanimous consent of all then- existing Charter Members. ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF INTERNET SOCIETY To: Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs Washington, D.C. 20001 We, the undersigned natural persons of the age of eighteen years or more, acting as incorporators of a corporation, adopt the following Articles of Incorporation for such corporation pursuant to the District of Columbia Non-Profit Corporation Act: 1. The name of the corporation is Internet Society. 2. The period of its duration is perpetual. 3. The purpose or purposes for which the corporation is organized are as follows: To be a non-profit corporation (without capital stock), which shall be operated exclusively for educational, charitable and scientific purposes. Such educational, charitable, and scientific purposes shall include carrying on activities: A. To facilitate and support the technical evolution of the Internet as a research and education infrastructure, and to stimulate the involvement of the scientific community, industry, government and others in the evolution of the Internet; B. To educate the scientific community, industry and the public at large concerning the technology, use and application of the Internet; C. To promote educational applications of Internet technology for the benefit of government, colleges and universities, industry, and the public at large; D. To provide a forum for exploration of new Internet applications, and to stimulate collaboration among organizations in their operational use of the global Internet. To exercise all the powers conferred upon corporations formed under the District of Columbia Non-Profit Corporation Act in order to accomplish the corporation's educational, charitable and scientific purposes; and to take other actions necessary or convenient to effect any or all of the purposes for which the corporation is organized. 4. The corporation shall not issue any capital stock. 5. The corporation shall have classes of members, and the qualifications and rights of the members, including any right to vote, shall be as provided in the by-laws. 6. The board of directors of the corporation shall be known as the Board of Trustees. Except for the initial Board of Trustees, whose names are set forth in these Articles of Incorporation, the manner in which the Trustees are to be elected or appointed shall be as provided in the by- laws. 7. Provisions for the regulation of the internal affairs of the corporation, including provisions for the distribution of assets on dissolution or liquidation, are: A. No part of the net earnings of the corporation shall inure to the benefit of, or be distributable to, any of the Trustees or officers or members of the corporation, or any other person, except that the corporation shall be authorized and empowered to pay reasonable compensation for services rendered. No substantial part of the activities of the corporation shall be the carrying on of propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation. The corporation shall not participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distributing of statements), any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office. B. The Articles of Incorporation may be amended by the affirmative vote of at least four-fifths of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office, except that unanimous consent of the members of the Board of Trustees then in office shall be required for any amendment of this Article 7. C. Upon the liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the corporation, after all of its liabilities and obligations have been paid, satisfied and discharged, or adequate provision has been made therefor, all of the assets of the corporation shall be distributed exclusively for such educational, charitable and scientific purposes as the Trustees (or such other persons as may be in charge of liquidation) shall determine, provided that such distributions shall be made to one or more organizations which qualify as exempt organizations under Section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code as amended (or corresponding provisions of any future United States Internal Revenue law). 8. The address, including street and number, of the initial registered office of the corporation is c/o C T Corporation System, 1030 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, and the name of its initial registered agent at such address is C T Corporation System. 9. The number of Trustees constituting the initial Board of Trustees of the corporation is fourteen, and the names and addresses, including street and number, if any, of the persons who are to serve as the initial Trustees until the first annual meeting or until their successors be elected and qualify are: Charles N. Brownstein National Science Foundation 1800 G Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20550 Vinton G. Cerf CNRI 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Reston, Virginia 22091 A. Lyman Chapin Bolt Beranek & Newman 70 Fawcett Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Ira Fuchs Princeton University 220 Nassau Hall Princeton, New Jersey 08544 Frode Greisen UNI-C, Technical University Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark Geoff Huston Australian Academic and Research Network P.O. Box 1142 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Robert E. Kahn 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Reston, Virginia 22091 Tomaz Kalin RARE Secretariat 466 - 468 SINGEL Amsterdam, Netherlands Kenneth M. King EDUCOM 1112 16th Street, N.W., Suite 600 Washington, DC 20036 Lawrence H. Landweber University of Wisconsin 1210 W. Dayton Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Kees Neggers SURFnet bv Godebaldkwartier 24 3511 DX Utrecht, Netherlands Michael M. Roberts EDUCOM 1112 16th Street, N.W., Suite 100 Washington, DC 20036 Anthony M. Rutkowski Sprint International 12490 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22096 10. The name and address, including street and number, if any, of each incorporator is: NAME ADDRESS Robert E. Kahn 1895 Preston White Drive Reston, Virginia 22091 Kenneth M. King 1112 16th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 4/19/93 Introducing the Charter, Founding, and Organizational Members CHARTER MEMBERS CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL RESEARCH INITIATIVES EDUCOM RESEAU ASSOCIEES POUR LA RECHERCHE EUROPEENNE FOUNDING MEMBERS ADVANCED NETWORK & SERVICES APPLE COMPUTER CORPORATION AT&T AUSTRALIAN ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH NETWORK BELL COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN CISCO SYSTEMS COALITION FOR NETWORKED INFORMATION CORPORATION FOR OPEN SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION FOR RESEARCH & EDUCATIONAL NETWORKING DEFENSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AGENCY DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH NETWORK EUROPEAN LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS FREEPORT-MCMORAN HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION INTEROP, COMPANY ISRAELI INTER-UNIVERSITY COMPUTATION CENTER LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY MCI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION MICROSOFT CORPORATION NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NORDUNET NOVELL, INC. NYSERNET, INC. PROTEON, INC. SIEMENS AG SOFT-SWITCH, INC. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE SPRINT 3COM CORPORATION UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON U S WEST COMMUNICATIONS, INC. UUNET TECHNOLOGIES WELLFLEET COMMUNICATIONS INC. ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERS ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION NYNEX SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, INC. TENON INTERSYSTEMS VEDA DATA SYSTEMS, INC. Terms of Membership Charter and Founding Organizations provide the Internet Society with vital financial support. This substantial and early support has made the founding of the Internet Society possible. For-profit Founding members commit to a total of $20,000 during the 1992 and 1993 period and $10,000 per year thereafter. Non-profit, Founding government and educational institutions commit to half that amount. Regular for-profit and non-profit organizational members commit to $10,000 and $5,000 per year respectively. There is also provision for start-ups to become regular members during their first three years at a cost of $1,000 per year. Organizations interested in participating in this program should contact Vinton Cerf at the Internet Society secretariat. 4/6/93 Introducing the Current Trustees of the Internet Society After the chartering of the Internet Society late in December 1991, the three initial trustees, Kenneth King, Juergen Harms and Robert Kahn unanimously elected an interim Board of Trustees, shown below. The interim board will be responsible for initial operation of the Internet Society including approval of an interim budget, appointment of officers and election of an expanded interim Board whose members will serve for periods ranging from one to three years. At annual intervals, nominations for Board positions will be opened and elections held to refresh approximately one-third of the Board of Trustees each year. The first such election by the individual Internet Society members is anticipated early in 1993, with the elected officials taking office in July 1993. Internet Society Board of Trustees Charles Brownstein RobertKahn <cbrownst@note.nsf.gov> <rkahn@cnri.reston.va.us> Vinton Cerf Tomaz Kalin <vcerf@cnri.reston.va.us> <kalin@ijs.ac.mail.yu> Lyman Chapin Kenneth King <lyman@bbn.com> <kmk@educom.edu> Ira Fuchs Lawrence Landweber <fuchs@pucc.princeton.edu> <lhl@cs.wise.edu> Frode Greisen Kees Neggers <frode.greisen@uni-c.dk> <neggers@surfnet.nl> Geoff Huston Michael Roberts (ex-officio) <g.huston@aarnet.edu.au> <roberts@educom.edu> Anthony Rutkowski <amr@sprint.com> 3/25/93 MEMBERSHIP IN THE INTERNET SOCIETY for Corporations, Educational Institutions, Libraries and Other Interested Organizations The Internet Society is a new, individual, international, professional membership organization, which provides a focus for evolution of the Internet technology, and promotes the use of the Internet for research, scholarly communication and collaboration. The Internet Society (ISOC) is a non-profit organization, incorporated in the District of Columbia, U.S.A., to conduct scientific, technical and educational activities. the main offices of ISOC are located at 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100, Reston, Virginia 22091, U.S.A. ISOC's federal identification number is 54-1650477. Organizations may also join the Internet Society and contribute to its operation and evolution. By joining before 1993, organizations have an opportunity to become Founding Members, receiving special recognition in Society publications and functions. All organizational members receive discounts for selected Society functions and services, complimentary copies of Society publications and an opportunity to designate a representative to the Internet Society Advisory Council. Provisions of Corporate and Institutional Membership Founding Members A Founding Member is any corporation or other organization which provides a specified level of financial support for the Society during 1992 and 1993 and maintains a continuing membership thereafter. Founding memberships may be obtained by for-profit corporation upon payment of $10,000 per year for 1992 and 1993, or payment of $20,000 in 1993. Non-profit research and educational organizations or government agencies may become Founding Members upon payment of $5,000 per year for 1992 and 1993 or payment of $10,000 in 1993. Founding Memberships will not be available after 1993. Regular Members Regular Membership in the Internet Society will be available to for-profit organizations starting in 1993 upon payment of $10,000 annually. Non-profit research and educational organizations and government agencies are eligible for regular membership on payment of $5,000 per year, beginning in 1993. Other Provisions Corporate and institutional members may designate a representative to the Advisory Council of the Internet Society, which will meet at least once a year, and which will be charged with advising the Board of Trustees on matters of special concern to corporate and institutional members, as well as on other issues of interest or concern to the Society. Corporate and institutional members of the Society are not eligible to vote for the election of Trustees or on other matters of Society governance. Special provisions are available for new, start-up organizations. TO APPLY FOR ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERSHIP PLEASE CONTACT: Dr. Vinton G. Cerf Tel: +1 703 648 9888 Internet Society Fax: +1 703 620 0913 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Email:isoc@isoc.org Reston, VA 22091 USA 4/8/93 Introducing the Internet Society Secretariat During its initial period of operation, the Internet Society secretariat occupies space provided by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives and by EDUCOM: Internet Society 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Reston, VA 22091 USA +1 703 648 9888 +1 703 620 0913 FAX isoc@isoc.org Britt Jackman - Secretarial Support bjackman@cnri.reston.va.us Cynthia Matthews - Individual Membership Services isoc@isoc.org (preferred) cmatthew@cnri.reston.va.us John Stewart - Technical Support jstewart@cnri.reston.va.us Theresa Weigler - Organizational Membership Services tweigler@cnri.reston.va.us In addition to these, two EDUCOM staff members are also assisting in the organization and operation of the Society: EDUCOM 1112 16th Street NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC 20036 +1 202 872 4200 +1 202 872 4318 FAX Michael Roberts - General planning and operation roberts@educom.edu Elizabeth Barnhart- Conference/Publication Support barnhart@educom.edu INTERNET SOCIETY DUES PAYMENTS (Individual Members) Payment of Internet Society annual dues may be made via check, money order, or credit card. Annual dues for individual membership are $70 per year for individual members, and $25 per year for student members. Instructions for Payments by Check or Money Order Please make all checks and money orders payable in US Dollars to Internet Society and mail to the following address: Internet Society 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Reston, VA 22091 USA Please note on the check or money order the member's name, membership number and invoice number. Checks and money orders included with an application form must have the prospective member's name noted on it. Instructions for Payments by Credit Card The Internet Society currently accepts the following credit cards: American Express, Carte Blanche, Diner's Club, Mastercard, and VISA. Credit card payments will be accepted via postal mail, electronic mail, telephone or fax. In order to process credit card payments, please include the credit card type, the credit card number, the name of the individual on the credit card, the signature of the individual on the credit card and the expiration date. Please also include the member's name (if different than the individual's name on the credit card), membership number and invoice number with the payment. For those credit card payments sent via electronic mail, the Header of the message will be used in lieu of a signature. Please send credit card payments to one of the following: Email: isoc@isoc.org Telephone: +1 703 648 9888 Fax: +1 703 620 0913 Questions Concerning Payment Methods If you have any questions concerning payment methods please contact Cynthia Matthews or Britt Jackman at the Internet Society. They may be reached at one of the following: Email: isoc@isoc.org Address: Internet Society 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Reston, VA 22091 USA Telephone: +1 703 648 9888 Fax: +1 703 620 0913